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Admission Test GRE-Verbal 試験シラバストピック:

Admission Test Section One : Verbal 認定 GRE-Verbal 試験問題：

1. VERDANT:

A) diminutive
B) desolate
C) immature
D) incomplete
E) forbidding

2. The Andean cordillera is made up of many interwoven mountain ranges, which include high intermundane
plateaus, basins, and valleys. The Northern Andes contain several broad ecosystems falling into four
altitudinal belts. Its northern subregion is distinguished by higher humidity and by greater climatic
symmetry between eastern and western flanks. The Central Andes are characterized by a succession of
agricultural zones with varied climatic conditions along the mountains' flanks and by large, highaltitude
plateaus, variously called puna or altiplano, which do not occur in the Northern Andes. The soil fertility of
the northern altiplano is generally good. The western Central Andean ranges are relatively arid with
desert-like soils, whereas the eastern ranges are more humid and have more diverse soils. The eastern
slopes of the Central Andes in many ways are similar to the wet forests of the Northern Andes. Unlike the
Northern Andes, however, these slopes have a dry season. In regions of gentle topography, such as the
Amazon basin, regional climatic variation can be determined from a few widely spaced measurements.
Regional projections in the Andean cordillera are quite difficult by comparison. For example, while air
temperature generally decreases with increasing altitude, variability of mountain topography can produce
much lower than expected air temperatures. Nevertheless, some general climatic patterns are discernible.
For example, with increasing distance south of the equator the seasonality of precipitation increases,
whereas the total annual amount generally decreases. Humidity commonly increases with increasing
altitude, but only to some intermediate altitude, above which it declines. The variability of mountain terrain
also affects precipitation, such that conditions of extreme wetness and aridity may exist in close proximity.
Related to this temperature gradient is a pattern of greater rainfall at the valley heads, and less rain at
lower altitudes, resulting in part from mountain rainshadow effect. The weather patterns of the Andean
cordillera and Amazon basin in general reflect movements of highand low-pressure cells associated with
the Intertropical Convergence Zone, a low-pressure trough that moves further north and south on a
seasonal basis. Precipitation is high throughout the year in the highlands and on the coast in the Northern
Andes. Coastal aridity increases south of central Ecuador, culminating in the Atacama desert of northern
Chile. In the Central Andes, highland precipitation is seasonal, and amounts are approximately half those
measured in the Northern Andes. The aridity of the Central Andean coastal zone is the result of the drying
effect of the cold Pacific Humboldt current and the southern Pacific high-pressure cell. Much of the
southern portion of the Central Andes in Bolivia is also arid. The dry season causes soil moisture deficits
and diminished stream flow part of each year.
The passage is primarily concerned with

A) discussing the factors affecting the climate of the An dean cordillera
B) comparing the climate and topography of the Northern Andes to those of the Central Andes
C) describing the climate and topography of various regions of the An dean cordillera
D) providing alternative explanations for the climatic diversity among different regions of the An dean
cordillera
E) examining the effects of topography on the climate and vegetation of the An dean cordillera

3. The origin of the attempt to distinguish early from modern music and to establish the canons of
performance practice for each lies in the eighteenth century. In the first half of that century, when
Telemann and Bach ran the collegium musicum in Leipzig, Germany, they performed their own and other
modern music. In the German universities of the early twentieth century, however, the reconstituted
collegium musicum devoted itself to performing music from the centuries before the beginning of the
"standard repertory," by which was understood music from before the time of Bach and Handel. Alongside
this modern collegium musicum, German musicologists developed the historical sub-discipline known as
"performance practice," which included the deciphering of obsolete musical notation and its transcription
into modern notation, the study of obsolete instruments, and the re-establishment of lost oral traditions
associated with those forgotten repertories. The cutoff date for this study was understood to be around
1 750, the year of Bach's death, since the music of Bach, Handel, Telemann and their contemporaries did
call for obsolete instruments and voices and unannotated performing traditions-for instance, the
spontaneous realization of vocal and instrumental melodic ornamentation. Furthermore, with a few
exceptions, late baroque music had ceased to be performed for nearly a century, and the orally
transmitted performing traditions associated with it were forgotten as a result. In contrast, the notation in
the music of Haydn and Mozart from the second half of the eighteenth century was more complete than in
the earlier styles, and the instruments seemed familiar, so no "special" knowledge appeared necessary.
Also, the music of Haydn and Mozart, having never ceased to be performed, had maintained some kind of
oral tradition of performance practice. Beginning around 1960, however, early-music performers began to
encroach upon the music of Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven. Why? Scholars studying performance
practice had discovered that the living oral traditions associated with the Viennese classics frequently
could not be traced to the eighteenth century and that there were nearly as many performance mysteries
to solve for music after 1750 as for earlier repertories. Furthermore, more and more young singers and
instrumentalists became attracted to early music, and as many of them graduated from student- amateur
to professional status, the technical level of early-music performances took a giant leap forward. As
professional early-music groups, building on these developments, expanded their repertories to include
later music, the mainstream protested vehemently. The differences between the two camps extended
beyond the question of which instruments to use to the more critical matter of style and delivery. At the
heart of their disagreement is whether historical knowledge about performing traditions is a prerequisite
for proper interpretation of music or whether it merely creates an obstacle to inspired musical tradition.
Which of the following is the most appropriate title for the passage?

A) "Competing Views on the Necessity of Historical Knowledge for Inspired Musical Tradition"
B) "Performance Practice and New Interpretations of the Viennese Classics"
C) "Unannotated Performing Traditions of the Eighteenth and Twentieth Centuries"
D) "How Far Should Early Music Extend?"
E) "Performance Practice: The Legacy of the German Collegium Musicum"

4. In the sixteenth century, an age of great marine and terrestrial exploration, Ferdinand
Magellan led the first expedition to sail around the world. As a young Portuguese noble, he served the
king of Portugal, but he became involved in the quagmire of political intrigue at court and lost the king's
favor. After he was dismissed from service to the king of Portugal, he offered to serve the future Emperor
Charles V of Spain. A papal decree of 1493 had assigned all land in the New World west of 50 degrees W
longitude to Spain and all the land east of that line to Portugal. Magellan offered to prove that the East
Indies fell under Spanish authority. On September 20, 1519, Magellan set sail from Spain with five ships.
More than a year later, one of these ships was exploring the topography of South America in search of a
water route across the continent. This ship sank, but the remaining four ships searched along the
southern peninsula of South AmericA. Finally they found the passage they sought near a latitude of 50
degrees S. Magellan named this passage the Strait of All Saints, but today we know it as the Strait of
Magellan. One ship deserted while in this passage and returned to Spain, so fewer sailors were privileged
to gaze at that first panorama of the Pacific Ocean. Those who remained crossed the
meridian we now call the International Date Line in the early spring of 1521 after ninety eight days on the
Pacific Ocean. During those long days at sea, many of Magellan's men died of starvation and disease.
Later Magellan became involved in an insular conflict in the Philippines and was killed in a tribal battle.
Only one ship and seventeen sailors under the command of the Basque navigator Elcano survived to
complete the westward journey to Spain and thus prove once and for all that the world is round, with no
precipice at the edge.
The sixteenth century was an age of great ___exploration.

A) mental
B) cosmic
C) land
D) common man
E) none of the above

5. HAVOC : DEVASTATION

A) surplus: shortage
B) turmoil:order
C) timidity:audacity
D) clarification:mystification
E) farce: sham

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